Aug 2026 · 12 min
Distributed Systems
Core Concepts
Leader elections, replicated state machines, and the safety rules that stop two leaders from committing different logs — with an interactive 5-node cluster.
Aug 2026 · 10 min
Distributed Systems
Core Concepts
N, W, R, and quorum intersection — how Dynamo-style systems trade consistency strength for availability, with an interactive calculator.
Aug 2026 · 10 min
Distributed Systems
Core Concepts
CAP tells you what breaks during a partition — PACELC tells you what you trade every write the other 99.9% of the time.
Aug 2026 · 9 min
Distributed Systems
Core Concepts
Crash-stop vs crash-recovery vs Byzantine — why surviving a crash costs 2f+1 and surviving a liar costs 3f+1.
Aug 2026 · 9 min
Distributed Systems
Core Concepts
Physical clocks drift and NTP steps — Lamport and hybrid clocks restore causal order without wall time.
Aug 2026 · 8 min
Distributed Systems
Core Concepts
The impossibility of perfect agreement over a lossy link — and why quorums exist. Interactive dropped-ACK demo.
Aug 2026 · 9 min
Distributed Systems
Core Concepts
Deterministic replicas must apply identical commands in identical order — one reordered message creates two databases.
Aug 2026 · 7 min
PostgreSQL
Database
A practical guide to 32-bit XID limits, MVCC tuple freezing, autovacuum parameters, production monitoring queries, and emergency recovery.